中英文对照：40个地图基本术语
1. 地图 (Map)
2. 比例尺 (Scale)
3. 方位 (Orientation)
4. 经度 (Longitude)
5. 纬度 (Latitude)
6. 地理坐标 (Geographic Coordinates)
7. 地理特征 (Geographic Features)
8. 地形 (Topography)
9. 海拔高度 (Elevation)
10. 海洋 (Ocean)
11. 大陆 (Continent)
12. 国家 (Country)
13. 省份 (Province)
14. 城市 (City)
15. 河流 (River)
16. 湖泊 (Lake)
17. 山脉 (Mountain Range)
18. 岛屿 (Island)
19. 森林 (Forest)
20. 沙漠 (Desert)
21. 草原 (Grassland)
22. 农田 (Farmland)
23. 道路 (Road)
24. 铁路 (Railway)
25. 桥梁 (Bridge)
26. 港口 (Port)
27. 机场 (***irport)
28. 建筑物 (Building)
29. 地图符号 (Map Symbols)
30. 图例 (Legend)
31. 标题 (Title)
32. 比例尺线 (Scale Line)
33. 方向指示 (Compass Rose)
34. 网格线 (Grid Lines)
35. 经纬度网 (Latitude and Longitude Grid)
36. 等高线 (Contour Lines)
37. 地图投影 (Map Projection)
38. 地图比例 (Map Scale)
39. 地图制图 (Cartography)
40. 地图解读 (Map Interpretation)
1. atlas [??tl?s] – 一本包含多张地图的书籍
2. cartography [kɑr?tɑɡr?fi] – 地图制作学
地图制作学，也称为制图学，是研究地图的制作、设计和解读的学科。它涉及到收集、整理和处理地理数据，并将其转化为可视化的地图形式。地图制作学的目标是通过地图来传达地理信息，帮助人们更好地理解和导航地球上的各种地理现象和空间关系。
地图制作学的发展与人类对地理空间的认识和需求密切相关。从古代的手绘地图到现代的数字地图，地图制作技术不断进步和创新。现代地图制作学利用卫星遥感、地理信息系统（GIS）和全球定位系统（GPS）等先进技术，能够更准确、更详细地呈现地球上的地理特征和地理数据。
地图制作学在许多领域都有广泛的应用。它在地理学、城市规划、环境科学、军事战略、交通规划等领域发挥着重要作用。地图制作学的研究者和专业人士致力于提高地图的准确性、可视化效果和用户友好性，以满足不同领域的需求。
总之，地图制作学是一门综合性的学科，它通过制作地图来帮助人们更好地理解和利用地理空间信息。随着技术的不断进步，地图制作学将继续发展，为人们提供更精确、更实用的地图产品和服务。
3. compass [?k?mp?s] – 导航仪
*** compass is a navigational instrument that is used to determine direction. It consists of a magnetic needle that aligns itself with the Earth's magnetic field, allowing the user to find their way. The needle of a compass always points towards the Earth's magnetic north pole, which is located near the geographic North Pole.
Compasses have been used for centuries by explorers, sailors, and hikers to navigate through unfamiliar territory. They are an essential tool for outdoor enthusiasts and adventurers. With a compass, one can easily orient themselves and find their way back to a known location or navigate towards a specific destination.
In addition to the traditional magnetic compass, there are also electronic compasses that use sensors to detect the Earth's magnetic field. These modern compasses are often found in smartphones and other electronic devices, making it even more convenient for people to find their way in today's digital age.
Whether you're hiking in the mountains, sailing across the sea, or simply exploring a new city, a compass is a reliable and indispensable tool for finding your way. It provides a sense of direction and helps you stay on course, ensuring that you reach your desired destination safely and efficiently.
4. contour [?kɑnt?r] – 轮廓线
轮廓线是指在地图或图表上表示等高度的线。它们连接了相同高度的点，以显示地形或地势的变化。轮廓线通常用于地图制作、地形分析和规划等领域。通过观察轮廓线的形状和间距，人们可以了解地形的起伏和地势的变化。轮廓线在户外活动、地理学和地质学等领域也被广泛使用。
5. coordinate [ko???rd?n?t] – 位置
6. equator [??kwe?t?r] – the imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.
7. geodesy [d?i?ɑd?si] – 地球测量学
地球测量学是一门研究地球形状、重力场和地球表面特征的学科。它涉及测量和分析地球的尺寸、形状和重力场的变化。地球测量学的目标是精确测量地球的各个方面，以便更好地了解地球的结构和变化。这项学科在地理学、地球物理学和测量学等领域中起着重要作用，并广泛应用于地图制作、导航系统、地质勘探和环境监测等领域。地球测量学的发展为我们提供了更准确的地球数据，帮助我们更好地理解和保护我们的地球。
8. globe [ɡlo?b] – 地球仪
9. grid [ɡr?d] – 网格
10. hemisphere [?h?m?sf?r] – 地球的两个半球之一
11. longitude [?l??ɡ?tju?d] – 经度
12. 图例（legend）是一种用于解释图表或地图中符号和颜色的说明性标记。它通常位于图表的一角或边缘，并提供了与图表中使用的符号、线条或颜色相关的信息。图例的目的是帮助读者理解图表中所表示的数据或信息，使其更易于阅读和解释。通过图例，读者可以快速了解不同符号或颜色所代表的含义，从而更好地理解图表的内容。图例在各种领域的图表和地图中都有广泛的应用，包括科学研究、市场调查、地理信息系统等。
13. longitude [?l??d??tud] – 地理坐标中的经度
经度是地理坐标系统中用来表示地球表面上某一点相对于本初子午线的东西方向位置的量度。它是由一个以度为单位的角度值来表示的，范围从0°到180°，东经为正值，西经为负值。经度的计算基准是本初子午线，通常以格林威治子午线作为参考线。
经度的存在使得我们能够在地球上准确定位和导航。通过经度的测量，我们可以确定一个地点相对于其他地点的方位关系，从而帮助我们进行地图绘制、航海、航空、导航等活动。在现代科技的支持下，我们可以通过全球定位系统（GPS）等工具轻松获取经度信息。
总之，经度是地理坐标系统中的重要概念，它帮助我们确定地球上任意点的东西方向位置，为我们的生活和工作提供了便利。
14. magnetic declination [m?ɡ?n?t?k ?d?kl??ne???n] – 磁偏角
Magnetic declination refers to the angle between magnetic north and true north at a specific location on the Earth's surface. It is caused by the movement of the Earth's magnetic field and can vary depending on the geographical location. The magnetic declination is important for navigation and map reading, as it helps determine the difference between magnetic north and true north. By taking into account the magnetic declination, navigators can accurately adjust their compass readings to find their desired direction.
15. map scale [m?p ske?l] – 比例尺
*** map scale, also known as a cartographic scale, is a measurement that represents the relationship between distances on a map and the corresponding distances in the real world. It is typically expressed as a ratio or a fraction. The map scale allows users to accurately interpret the size and distance of features on a map.
For example, a map scale of 1:10,000 means that one unit of measurement on the map represents 10,000 units of measurement in the real world. This can be used to determine the actual distance between two points on the map.
Map scales are essential tools for cartographers, geographers, and anyone who uses maps for navigation or analysis. They ensure that maps accurately represent the spatial relationships between different locations and features.
16. meridian [m??r?di?n] – 纵向线
纵向线是地球表面上的一条虚拟线，也被称为子午线。它是连接地球北极和南极的最长的线，将地球分为东半球和西半球。纵向线在地理和导航上起着重要的作用，帮助人们确定地理位置和计算时间。在航海和航空领域，纵向线被用来确定船舶和飞机的航向。此外，纵向线还在地球上的不同地区划分时区，使世界各地的时间保持一致。纵向线的概念对于理解地球的地理和时间分布非常重要。
17. 导航是指通过使用地图、指南针、GPS等工具来确定位置和计算方向，以便在未知的地方准确地到达目的地的过程。导航在现代社会中非常重要，它不仅在航海、航空和旅行中起着关键作用，也在日常生活中帮助人们找到正确的路线。随着技术的发展，导航系统也越来越智能化，如车载导航系统、手机导航应用等，使得导航变得更加方便和精确。无论是在城市中还是在野外，导航都是我们不可或缺的工具，它帮助我们节省时间、避免迷路，并确保我们安全地到达目的地。
18. parallel [?p?r?l?l] – 平行的
平行线是指在同一平面上永远不会相交的两条直线。这意味着无论两条直线延伸多远，它们始终保持相同的距离。平行线在几何学和数学中起着重要的作用。
平行线的性质包括以下几点：
1. 平行线具有相同的斜率。斜率是指直线上任意两点之间的垂直距离与水平距离的比值。
2. 平行线之间的夹角为零度。这意味着它们在任何点上都不会相交。
3. 平行线可以通过使用平行线公理来证明。平行线公理是几何学中的一个基本假设，它表明通过一点可以作一条与给定直线平行的直线。
平行线在现实生活中有许多应用。例如，在建筑设计中，平行线可以用来确保墙壁、地板和天花板之间的对齐。在道路设计中，平行线可以用来规划车道和行车线的布局。此外，平行线还在数学和物理学中的各种问题中发挥着重要的作用。
总之，平行线是指在同一平面上永远不会相交的两条直线。它们具有相同的斜率和零度的夹角。平行线在几何学和现实生活中都有广泛的应用。
19. topographic map [?t?p??ɡr?f?k m?p] – 地形地图
20. political map [p??l?t?k?l m?p] – 政治地图
*** political map is a type of map that focuses on showing the boundaries and divisions of countries, states, and other political entities. It provides information about the political landscape of a region, including the location of capitals, major cities, and administrative boundaries.
Political maps are essential tools for understanding the political structure and organization of a country or region. They help us visualize the distribution of power and the relationships between different political entities. By displaying the borders and territories of nations, political maps enable us to comprehend the complex dynamics of international relations.
In addition to displaying political boundaries, political maps often include other features such as rivers, mountains, and important landmarks. These additional elements help provide context and aid in navigation.
Political maps are widely used by governments, researchers, educators, and individuals who are interested in understanding the political landscape of a specific area. They are valuable resources for studying geopolitics, analyzing election results, planning infrastructure projects, and conducting research on political systems.
Overall, political maps play a crucial role in helping us comprehend the complex and ever-changing world of politics. They provide a visual representation of political boundaries and divisions, allowing us to better understand the political landscape of a region.
21. projection [pr??d??k??n] – 预测
Projection refers to the act of predicting or estimating future outcomes based on current information or trends. It involves using available data and analysis to make educated guesses about what may happen in the future.
In various fields such as finance, economics, and business, projections are commonly used to make informed decisions and plans. For example, financial analysts may project future earnings for a company based on its current financial performance and market conditions. Similarly, economists may project economic growth rates based on factors such as consumer spending, government policies, and global trends.
Projections can also be used in the field of technology. For instance, software developers may project the future demand for a particular product or service based on user feedback and market research. This helps them make decisions about product development and marketing strategies.
While projections can provide valuable insights and help guide decision-making, it is important to remember that they are not guarantees of what will actually happen. They are educated guesses based on available information, and unforeseen events or changes in circumstances can significantly impact the accuracy of projections.
In conclusion, projection involves making predictions or estimates about future outcomes based on current information or trends. It is a valuable tool used in various fields to make informed decisions and plans. However, it is important to approach projections with caution and consider the potential for unforeseen events or changes that may affect their accuracy.
22. relief [r??lif] – 浮雕
23. river [?r?v?r] – 河流
24. road map [ro?d m?p] – 路线规划
*** road map is a visual representation of a network of roads and highways, typically used for navigation and planning travel routes. It provides information about the layout and connectivity of roads, as well as the distances between different locations. Road maps are essential tools for drivers, as they help them navigate unfamiliar areas and find the most efficient routes to their destinations. With the advancement of technology, road maps are now available in various formats, including paper maps, GPS devices, and mobile applications. These digital road maps often come with additional features such as real-time traffic updates and points of interest, making them even more convenient for travelers. Whether you're embarking on a road trip or simply need directions to a specific location, a road map is an invaluable resource that can help you reach your destination safely and efficiently.
25. satellite imagery [?s?t?la?t ??m?d?ri] – satellite images
Satellite images, also known as satellite imagery, are photographs or pictures of the Earth's surface taken from space by satellites. These images provide valuable information about various aspects of the Earth, such as weather patterns, land use, and environmental changes. Satellite images are widely used in fields such as meteorology, urban planning, agriculture, and environmental monitoring. They play a crucial role in understanding and managing our planet's resources and ecosystems.
26. ocean surface [?o???n ?s??rf?s] – 海洋表面
27. *** topographic map is a type of map that represents the physical features of a particular area. It uses contour lines to show the elevation and shape of the land, as well as other symbols and colors to depict various natural and man-made features such as rivers, roads, and buildings. Topographic maps are commonly used by hikers, geologists, and urban planners to understand the terrain and plan their activities accordingly. They provide valuable information about the landscape, including the steepness of slopes, the presence of valleys or ridges, and the location of important landmarks. With the help of a topographic map, one can navigate through unfamiliar terrain, assess the suitability of an area for construction or development, or simply appreciate the beauty and complexity of the Earth's surface.
28. topography [t??pɑɡr?fi] – 地貌学
地貌学是研究地球表面形状和特征的学科。它涉及测量和描述地球表面的各种特征，如山脉、河流、湖泊、平原等。地貌学家使用各种工具和技术来收集数据，包括卫星遥感、地形测量和地质调查。
地貌学的研究对于理解地球的演化和地质过程非常重要。通过分析地球表面的形状和特征，地貌学家可以推断出地质活动、气候变化和地球历史的信息。他们还可以帮助解决一些实际问题，如土地利用规划、环境保护和自然灾害管理。
地貌学在许多领域都有应用，包括地质学、地理学、环境科学和城市规划等。通过研究地球表面的形状和特征，我们可以更好地了解和保护我们的地球。
29. township [?ta?n??p] – 城镇区
城镇区（township）是指在城市规划中划分出的一种行政区域，通常位于城市的郊区或周边地区。城镇区通常拥有自己的行政机构和自治权力，负责管理和提供基本的公共服务，如道路、供水、垃圾处理等。城镇区的规模和人口数量可以各不相同，有些城镇区甚至可以与小城市相媲美。
城镇区在城市发展中起着重要的作用。它们为城市提供了扩展的空间，同时也为居民提供了更多的住房选择和生活便利。城镇区的规划和管理需要考虑到人口增长、土地利用、交通等方面的因素，以确保城市的可持续发展和居民的生活质量。
总之，城镇区是城市规划中不可或缺的一部分，它们为城市的发展和居民的生活提供了重要的支持和保障。
Urban planning is the process of designing and organizing cities to ensure their efficient and sustainable development. It involves analyzing and understanding the needs of a city's population, as well as considering factors such as transportation, infrastructure, and land use. The goal of urban planning is to create livable, functional, and aesthetically pleasing urban environments that meet the needs of both current and future generations. It requires collaboration between urban planners, architects, engineers, and community members to create a vision for the city and implement strategies to achieve that vision. Urban planning plays a crucial role in shaping the growth and development of cities, promoting social equity, economic prosperity, and environmental sustainability.
31. flora [?fl??r?] – 植物群落
32. watershed [?w?t?r??d] – dividing line
*** watershed, also known as a dividing line, marks the point where water flows in different directions. It is a geographical feature that separates one drainage basin from another. The concept of a watershed can also be applied metaphorically to describe a significant turning point or moment of change in various aspects of life. Just as a watershed determines the flow of water, a dividing line can shape the course of events or ideas.
33. weather map [?w?e?r m?p] – 气象图
*** weather map, also known as a meteorological map, is a graphical representation of various weather conditions and phenomena over a specific geographical area. It provides valuable information about temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and atmospheric pressure.
Weather maps are created using data collected from weather stations, satellites, and other meteorological instruments. This data is then analyzed and plotted on the map using different symbols, colors, and contour lines to represent different weather patterns.
By studying a weather map, meteorologists can make predictions about future weather conditions and track the movement of weather systems such as high and low-pressure areas, fronts, and storms. This information is crucial for planning daily activities, agricultural practices, and even for issuing weather warnings and advisories.
In addition to traditional paper maps, weather maps are now widely available online and through various mobile applications. These digital maps provide real-time updates and allow users to zoom in and out, customize layers, and access additional weather-related information.
Overall, weather maps play a vital role in understanding and predicting weather patterns, helping us make informed decisions and stay prepared for any changes in the weather.
34. global map [?ɡlo?b?l m?p] – 全球地图
35. zoom [zum] – 缩放
36. 图例（英文：legend）是一种用于解释图表、地图或其他视觉表示中符号和颜色的说明性标记。它通常位于图表的一角或边缘，并使用不同的形状、颜色或线条样式来表示不同的数据或类别。图例的目的是帮助读者理解图表中的符号含义，从而更好地解读和分析数据。无论是在科学研究、商业报告还是地理信息系统中，图例都是重要的辅助工具，使得复杂的信息更易于理解和传达。
37. scale bar [ske?l bɑr] – 标尺
标尺是一种用于测量或表示比例的工具。它通常是一条直线，上面刻有等距离的刻度，用于测量或表示图表、地图或其他图形的大小。标尺的长度和刻度之间存在固定的比例关系，可以帮助我们准确地测量或估计物体的尺寸。
标尺在各个领域都有广泛的应用。在地图制作中，标尺可以帮助我们确定地图上的距离和比例尺。在科学实验中，标尺可以用于测量物体的长度、宽度或高度。在建筑设计中，标尺可以用于绘制平面图或设计蓝图。
使用标尺时，我们需要注意刻度的单位和精度。不同的标尺可能使用不同的单位，例如厘米、英寸或毫米。此外，标尺上的刻度应该清晰可见，以确保测量结果的准确性。
总之，标尺是一种重要的测量工具，它可以帮助我们准确地测量和表示物体的大小和比例。无论是在学校、实验室还是日常生活中，标尺都是不可或缺的工具之一。
38. compass rose [?k?mp?s ro?z] – 罗盘图案
*** compass rose is a decorative design that is often found on maps, charts, and compasses. It typically consists of a circular shape with lines radiating from the center, indicating the cardinal directions (north, south, east, and west) and sometimes the intermediate directions (northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest). The compass rose serves as a visual aid to help orient oneself and navigate accurately.
The compass rose is not only functional but also adds aesthetic appeal to maps and other navigational tools. It can be intricately designed with various patterns and symbols, making it a beautiful and eye-catching feature. The design of the compass rose can vary depending on cultural and historical influences, with different regions and time periods having their own unique styles.
In addition to its decorative purpose, the compass rose also holds symbolic meaning. It represents the idea of exploration, adventure, and the desire to discover new horizons. It reminds us of the importance of direction and guidance in our lives, both literally and metaphorically.
Overall, the compass rose is a fascinating and versatile design that combines both practicality and beauty. Its presence on maps and compasses not only helps us navigate our physical surroundings but also serves as a reminder of our innate curiosity and thirst for exploration.
39. key [ki] – 关键
40. 插图地图（Inset Map）是一种在主要地图上插入的小型地图，用于提供更详细的地理信息。插图地图通常用于显示较小的地区或特定的地理特征，例如城市、山脉或水体。它们可以帮助读者更好地理解主要地图上的位置和比例尺。插图地图通常以较小的比例尺绘制，以便显示更多的细节。它们可以在地图的角落或边缘处插入，或者以窗口的形式浮动在主要地图上方。插图地图在旅游指南、学术出版物和地理教科书中经常使用，以提供更全面的地理信息。
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